Monday, January 27, 2020

Synthesis of IBT Scaffolds Experiment

Synthesis of IBT Scaffolds Experiment Chapter III: Section A Present work PRESENT WORK Over the years, multi component reactions (MCRs) or three component coupling reactions have gained much attention in synthetic as well as medicinal chemistry to generate structural diversity for drug discovery programs.31 MCR is a process in which at least three simple building blocks are combined together in one pot to provide diversity oriented product with minimum of synthetic time and effort. The imidazo [2,1-b] benzothiazole (IBT) motif is an important pharmacophore and is known to exhibit significant biological activities such as antimicrobial, antitumor, antituberculosis, and anti-inflammatory etc.,13-30 Consequently, different methods23-26 have been developed for the synthesis of IBT scaffolds. Of these, the MCR of 2-aminobenzothiazole, aldehyde, and alkyne is one of the most attractive methods for the synthesis of 2-aryl imidazo[1,2-a]benzothiazoles. To the best of our cognition, there is only one report14c for synthesis of the title compounds till date which is a multi step procedure. In prolongation of our involvement in exploring the synthesis32 of biologically active scaffolds, we herein describe a three-component, one-pot synthesis of IBTs using a catalytic amount of La(OTf)3 and CuI in acetonitrile. Accordingly, we first treated 2-aminobenzothiazole (1a) and benzaldehyde (31a) with ethylpropiolate (32) in acetonitrile in the presence of 10 mol % La(OTf)3 and CuI. The reaction proceeded well at r. t. and made the desired IBT 33a in 86% yield (Scheme 10). Scheme 10 Formation of 33a confirmed by its spectral analysis, 1H NMR of IBT 33a shows a characteristic methylene protons at ÃŽ ´ 4.16 (s, 2H) as a singlet, doublets at ÃŽ ´ 7.78 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H) and 7.70 (d, J = 8.3 Hz, 1H) belongs to benzothiazole ring (ortho-hydrogens w.r.t sulphur and nitrogen) in the fused system. Another doublet at ÃŽ ´ 7.68 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H) belongs to ortho-hydrogens of phenyl ring at C-2 position and peaks for remaining aromatic protons observed at ÃŽ ´ 7.42 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 1H), 7.33 (t, J = 7.5 Hz, 2H) and 7.01 (t, J = 7.9 Hz, 2H). Ethyl ester protons resonated at ÃŽ ´ 4.26 (q, J = 6.8 Hz, 2H) and 1.27 (t, J = 8.1 Hz, 3H) belongs to OCH2CH3 and OCH2CH3 respectively. In 13C NMR, presence of a peak at ÃŽ ´ 171.1 resembling ester (-C=O) functionality, a peak at ÃŽ ´ 61.1 belongs to CH3–CH2-O-COAr, and remaining aromatic carbons resonated at their expected chemical shift values. The new absorption maximum at 1735 cm-1 in IR spectrum also supports the presence of ester (-C=O). Finally, ESI-MS also supports the IBT 33a showing a peak with m/z 337 for its molecular ion. Plausible mechanism Scheme 11 Plausible mechanism for CuI-La(OTf)3 catalyzed multi-component reaction In accordance with the mechanism described by Mishra et al.33 The reaction may proceed in one of the two paths mentioned above. In path-I, benzaldehyde was first reacted with 2-aminobenzothiazole in the presence of La(OTf)3, and the resulting imine further reacted with ethyl propiolate to form desired imidzobenzothiazole 33a via initial formation of propargylamine I. Tautomerization of propargylamine I followed by 5-exo-dig cyclization formed intermediate III, which finally isomerized to product 33a. Optimization study Table 1 Screening of the catalyst for three component reaction Entry Catalyst Additive Solvent Yield [%] 1 CuCl CH3CN 39 2 CuBr CH3CN 42 3 CuI CH3CN 65 4 FeCl3 CH3CN 5 InCl3 CH3CN 48 6 InBr3 CH3CN 51 7 CuI Cu(OAc)2 CH3CN 66 8 CuI Cu(OTf)2 CH3CN 69 9 CuI Sc(OTf)3 CH3CN 59 10 CuI La(OTf)3 CH3CN 86 11 CuI Yb(OTf)3 CH3CN 63 12 CuI TMEDA CH3CN 54 13 La(OTf)3 CH3CN 55 14 CH3CN Initially, we screened the reaction between 2-aminobenzothiazole 1a benzaldehyde 31a and ethylpropiolate 32 as starting materials using different catalysts to optimize the reaction conditions (Table 1). The desired product yielded in 65% when 10 mol % of CuI used in CH3CN. Further optimization was performed to improve the yield of the product. The best result was obtained when La(OTf)3 was used with high yield, low reaction time and optimal temperature. However, in the absence of the catalyst the reaction proceeds with low yield even after longer reaction time (24 h). Our attempts to optimize the conditions for the synthesis of the 2-aryl imidazo[2,1-b]benzothiazoles 33a-o are summarized in Table 1. To check the generality and scope of the present protocol (Table 1), variety of benzaldehydes containing electron withdrawing or electron donating substituents were reacted under these conditions with 2-aminobenzothiazole, which affords corresponding IBT (Scheme 12). Scheme 12 To explore the limitations of this reaction, we extended it to various para-substituted benzaldehydes with 6-methyl-2-aminobenzothiazole. As can be seen in Table 2, the yield of products seems to be affected by the nature of substituents and their positions on the benzothiazole as well as benzaldehydes. The yields decreased when electron-withdrawing substituents were present on reactants (scheme 13). Scheme 13 The compounds 33f-j were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR and ESI-MS, the results are shown in the experimental section. For an instance, spectral analysis of 33h explained here. 1H NMR of IBT 33h shows a characteristic methylene protons at ÃŽ ´ 4.27 (s, 2H), and methyl protons at 2.35 (s, 3H), methoxy protons at 3.86 (s, 3H), and hydrogen adjacent to sulphur attached carbon resonated at 7.71 (s, 1H) as a singlets, doublets at ÃŽ ´ 7.64 (d, J = 7.9 Hz, 1H), and 7.35 (d, J = 7.1 Hz, 1H) belongs to benzothiazole ring (ortho- and meta- hydrogens w.r.t nitrogen) in the fused system. Another two doublets appeared at ÃŽ ´ 7.55 (d, J = 7.8 Hz, 2H), and 7.01 (d, J = 7.6 Hz, 2H) belongs to methoxy substituted phenyl ring, whereas ethyl ester protons resonated at ÃŽ ´ 4.15 (q, J = 8.1 Hz, 2H), and 1.27 (t, J = 8.2 Hz, 3H) belongs to OCH2CH3 and OCH2CH3 respectively. In 13C NMR, the presence of a peak at ÃŽ ´ 169.1 resembling ester (-C=O) functionality, a peak resonated at 160.8ppm belongs to –Ome attached carbon on phenyl ring, where as a peak at ÃŽ ´ 61.2 belongs to CH3–CH2-O-COAr, and remaining aromatic carbons resonated at their expected chemical shift values. The new absorption maximum of 1738 and 1210 cm-1 in IR spectrum also supports the presence of ester (-C=O). Finally, ESI-MS also supports the IBT 33h showing a peak with m/z 381 for its molecular ion. Furthermore, a variety of aromatic aldehydes such as p-methyl-, p-methoxy-, p-nitro and p-cyano benzaldehyde participated well in this MCR with 6-nitro-2-aminobenzothiazole and gave excellent yields. The synthesized compounds 33k-o were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, IR and ESI-MS, the results are shown in the experimental section. For example, the spectral analysis of IBT 33n was explained here. 1H NMR of IBT 33n shows a characteristic methylene protons at ÃŽ ´ 4.19 (s, 2H), and hydrogen adjacent to sulphur attached carbon and –NO2 group resonated at 8.55 (s, 1H) as a singlets, doublet at ÃŽ ´ 8.01 (d, J = 7.7 Hz, 2H) belongs to meta-hydrogens of nitro-substituted phenyl ring and a multiplet appeared between 8.40-8.50 (m, 3H) belongs to a hydrogen of benzothiazole ring merged with ortho-hydrogens of nitro-substituted phenyl ring, whereas ethyl ester protons resonated at ÃŽ ´ 4.11 (q, J = 8.0 Hz, 2H), and 1.21 (t, J = 8.2 Hz, 3H) belongs to OCH2CH3 and OCH2CH3 respectively. In 13C NMR, the presence of a peak at ÃŽ ´ 169.1 resembling ester (-C=O) functionality, peaks resonated at 147.8, 144.7 ppm belongs to –NO2 attached carbons, where as a peak at ÃŽ ´ 61.5 belon gs to CH3–CH2-O-COAr, and remaining aromatic carbons resonated at their expected chemical shift values. The new absorption maximum of 1735 cm-1 in IR spectrum also supports the presence of ester (-C=O), bands at 1536 and 1365 cm-1 resemble the –NO2 group. Finally, ESI-MS also supports the IBT 33a showing a peak with m/z 427 for its molecular ion. The imidazobenzothiazole derivatives was synthesized by La(OTf)3-CuI catalytic combination in good to excellent yields as shown in Table 2. Table 2 The new ethyl 2-(2-arylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]-benzothiazol-1-yl)acetates 33a-o Entry Benzothiazole Aldehyde Product Yield (%) a 86 b 89 c 91 d 81 e 79 f 92 g 91 h 95 i 85 j 88 k 82 l 84 m 85 n 78 o 79 Conclusion In summary, a novel method for the synthesis of ethyl 2-(2-arylimidazo[2,1-b][1,3]-benzothiazol-1-yl) acetates was demonstrated from bezaldehyde, ethylpropiolate, and 2-aminobenzothiazole in the presence of La(OTf)3-CuI catalyst in good to excellent yields. This reaction took place under mild conditions and it tolerates a wider range of functionalities. Therefore this methodology offers an alternative to multi step reactions.

Sunday, January 19, 2020

Gov’t Paper

People each have different personalities that others like and dislike about them. These individuals can be funny or serious; nice or a jerk; a talker or a listener. All this makes up a person and who they are. A person's personality is similar to a news program; sometimes they can be biased and unreliable; other times they are spot-on and trustworthy. Hardball and O'Reilly are both news programs that display their news differently. While both commentators give their opinions on the subjects, Chris Matthews pushes his opinion more than O'Reilly. During times where Matthews has guest speakers, he always tends to argue with the one that does not agree with his opinions; he pushes his ideas into his opponents' head, not letting them express their thoughts. Even though he refuses to let one's opinions out, Matthews allows the other, who agrees with him, to talk. In other words, he is hard-headed and believes his opinion is right. On one occasion, Jonathan Alters, gave his opinion about how the Republicans are attempting to woo the Latinos' votes, Matthews shuts him up by talking over him, basically yelling. Alters looks as if he was about to burst into tears. On the other hand, O'Reilly tends to ask for his guest speakers' view first, then adding his own. He actually allows them to finish their views, seeing their points out, instead of cutting them off. O'Reilly and Chris Matthews both have different perspectives in the topics that were discussed. O'Reilly leans towards the liberal side, while Matthews is a conservative. For example, O'Reilly notices how everything is based on race, and believes no one should be judged by that. However, it seems that Matthews only wants the Republicans to focus their targets on the white people and not Latinos. In one specific topic that both commentators discussed, the Zimmerman trial, it seems each were on one or the other sides. Chris Matthews argues that Zimmerman acted on self-defense, while O'Reilly gave both sides, but showed sympathy towards Trayvon Martin's family. O'Reilly has more facts, making it seem like his show was a news' show, while Hardball with Chris Matthews is all about argumentative opinions. O'Reilly adds statistics to show subjects and backs each topic with facts. For example, there was a segment about the Arizona forest fire that killed nineteen firefighters. O'Reilly gave facts like how the firefighter had contacted the headquarters, saying that they are using their heat shelters, which was the last resort. Then O'Reilly explains what these heat shelters are, a foil-like blanket that can protect the firefighters from the heat for a certain amount of time. Unlike O'Reilly, Matthews did not give facts, only his own opinions. During the Zimmerman trial segment, he only showed Mark Osterman taking the stand to defend his best friend. He then argues with the guest defense attorney, when she was explaining the harm that was inflicted on Zimmerman. It seems that O'Reilly is more genuine and actually cares about the public's interest. At the end of his show, he had a tip of the day, giving feedback to the audience who sends him e-mails. Hardball had a serious attitude, while O'Reilly had a calm attitude. During Hardball's segments, there was a lot of tension with the arguments. Also, his introduction had the serious music like it was life or death. In O'Reilly's introduction, it had funny captions, and in his segments, he had a calm manner. While Chris Matthews attempted to add humor and jokes into his show, it was not understood. He used a blue cow reference, but some people do not know the meaning of it, so it proved to be ineffective to draw the audience in. However, in O'Reilly's segments, the humor and jokes had a positive impact. After a serious discussion about the Zimmerman trial, to lighten the tension, Megyn Kelly and O'Reilly joked around. Megyn Kelly had given him a chocolate bar as her way of buying dinner. Then she explains that she is going on maternity leave until the fall, but O'Reilly jokingly said she won't be back until next year. Both persons continue to banter back and forth, while the camera crew laughed in the background. This was of course not planned, making it actually humorous. There has been significant issues about race in political topics. In Fremont, Nebraska, the townspeople are frustrated with the undocumented immigrants obtaining jobs in the town. Since Fremont is a meat packaging town, these townspeople need the jobs that the immigrants are taking. These illegal immigrants are sending money back to their home country to their families, so Fremont does not profit from this. In an attempt to stop this, he townspeople want to banned the undocumented individuals from renting apartments and houses without proper documentations. According to U. S. District Judge Laurie Smith Camp, it is a discrimination to deny housing permits to those who were not in the country legally and it interferes with federal laws. However, the town counters back with a policy that requires businesses to use the federal E-ve rify software to check on the employees. Another topic discussed was how Republicans were trying to win the Latin American voters. The Republicans think that if they talk about the immigration reforms they will gain more voters. However, it was stated that no matter what, Latinos will most likely vote for Democrats even if immigration reforms were discussed by the Republicans. The most important topic discussed was the Zimmerman trial. When this first happened, people across the country defended Trayvon Martin, thinking that he was targeted for being a colored person and looking suspicious by wearing a black hoodie at night. Zimmerman was on the night watch around his neighborhood when these two ran into each other. A fight broke out, leading to Zimmerman pulling and shooting the gun at Martin. Zimmerman pled that he was acting in self-defense. All over the country, people even news station wanted Zimmerman to plead guilty to avoid race riots to occur. Nowadays, news delivery is on the decline of being trustworthy. Reporters, journalists, and those who deliver the news to the public now will spin the news to fit what the audience wants or to fit their own opinion. These people can twist a person's opinion just by intensifying the language and speech. The audience will then notice, â€Å"Hey, they are using powerful words; this makes them sound smart so therefore correct. If the newscasters exude confidence and seem to â€Å"know what they are talking about†, they will have more followers. The public tends not to look for the credibility of the sources or even the sources themselves to see if they are reliable. Instead, the public will definitely look for superficial materials like the appearance of the person delivering the news, how the program looks, or if other p eople like it. If someone were to wear casual clothes, their credibility increases; also if the newscaster was attractive, people tend to listen to them. For example, people tune in to Anderson Cooper on CNN and practically worship the ground he walks, just because of his appearance. If the delivery of the news looks not well done, not all people will want to read or view it. People want professional, not something that someone can program in five minutes. An individual will also tend to get advice from their peers as to what to read or watch. For example, if a person trashed a news station to his or her friend, the friend will not want to get information from that news station. With that being said, nowadays, people judge the book by its cover and not by the information provided. Most news station are affiliated with a political party. For example Fox News, when taking politics will favor the Republican view while MNSBC will favor the Democratic view. With that being said, each will attract a different group of people who agree with that the news station has to say. This makes the shows heavily biased. What I've learned through these research sources, is that there are still racial conflicts throughout the United States. Watching the two news program, Hardball and O'Reilly, each segment had something to do with race and ethnics. Latinos are especially targeted, whether it is to win their votes or to get them out of â€Å"American† jobs. Even though, today there are still some segregation in the communities, people will band together to defend someone of different skin color. What I do not get is that if people will defend Trayvon Martin and not know what actually happened, why can't they support the Latin Americans coming into America in search of an opportunity? I think people are just on the bandwagon. They think that supporting Trayvon Martin will make them look like the good guys, but in reality it just makes them look ignorant and stupid. I also learned that each news program is affiliated with a political party, making them biased and untrustworthy because they only address one side of the story. I know that they are just doing that to gain viewers, but if they just address both sides, there will be more educated people and not opinionated. I think the audience should also be aware of what is happening in our country right now. After watching these two shows, I am more aware of these topics. I never paid attention to the political topics and did not know how the Republicans were trying to woo the Latin American voters. My opinions on the two shows differ from each other. I absolutely could not stand watching Hardball. I think Chris Matthews is a hard-headed jerk. He does not think the other opinions matter but his. He yells at his guests when he is talking to them. I could not wait for it to end, and I nearly celebrated when it was over. On the other hand, I was more interested in O'Reilly just by how he represented the topics. He did it in a formally fashioned way; it felt like a conversation with some debates. I actually paid closer attention because of the humor and learned a few things along in the show. I felt that O'Reilly actually cared about the subjects because he gives both sides to the story. Both Hardball and O'Reilly display their information differently. These news shows are like a person's personality; they express emotions and thoughts. Each individual has a different personality that makes them who they are. A personality can make someone like or dislike an individual.

Saturday, January 11, 2020

Paper on: Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind

Paper on: Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind Mr. Gordon Jesse Jonathon 12/3/2012 1)Neorealism was a movement in film production that emerged out of the second World War in Italy. The defeat of Italian fascism led to the crushing of the Italian film industry. Before the war, Italy had produced commercial studio fare. Economic decline post-war and the occupation by American forces did not allow for the continuation of the production of commercial studio fare. The studios, post-war, were used as refugee camps and as storage facilities for occupying militaries.The war ravaged landscapes of Italy provided the only available backdrop to the new films being produced, since the studios were mostly unavailable for use by filmmakers. Due to the war torn backdrops of these new films, it created the need to film about contemporary realities. The lower budgets, limited resources, and filming on location lead to the gritty reality look of this new film style. Neorealism in film is commonly desc ribed and seen as a film that was filmed on a location, rather than in a studio setting only; a film that demonstrates authenticity, and often seen with rejecting classical hollywood acting styles.To sum up the generalization of neorealism, it is a realistic representation of life. Roberto Rossellini is credited to making the first neorealism film and the most important neorealism film. His first film was Rome, open city, this is the first neorealism film. It is considered a neorealistic film because of its demonstration of the gritty real life suffering of the Italians during the second World War. Rossellini’s second film was Paisa, this was one of the most important neorealistic films.It is a neorealism film because its shows six stories through out the second World War with narration providing the setting of the time and place in history. The second most important neorealist filmmaker was Vittorio De Sica. His film Bicycle Thieves is seen as one of the most famous neoreali sm films. It is a neorealism film because the star was a non-actor. The film was full of real people conveying real life. The film critic Roger Ebert does not consider Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind a neorealism film. Ebert stated that the movie was â€Å"†¦ like an endless series of aborted MeetCutes. †. This is a main reason why Ebert says it is not a neorealism film. Traditionally neorealism films avoid using classical hollywood acting techniques like meet cutes. This film seems to be a series of meet cutes that never quite come to a conclusion. Ebert considers this movie an extreme example of maze cinema. 2)There are different forms of narratives, some of which are the Linear Narrative, Non-Linear Narrative, Maze Cinema, and Hyperlink Cinema. A linear narrative is a story in which it starts at the beginning goes through the middle to the end, in a linear pattern.Around the World in 80 Days is an example of a linear narrative because of its progression from poi nt A to point B to point C in a linear fashion. A non-linear narrative is when a story is pieced together throughout the movie. This type of film tends to jump from one scene to the next in a non sequential order. Hunt for Red October is a classic example of a non-linear narrative due to its flashbacks and multiple story line progression. A Maze Cinema is a film with multiple interconnecting stories or pathways, creating a maze effect.Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind is an example of a maze cinema due to its multiple pathways and character stories within the main story itself. A hyperlink cinema is a movie made up of many independent stories that are linked by one small common thread. Crash is an example of a hyperlink cinema because of the idea of the 6 degrees of separation. Linear and non-linear narratives can be grouped in the sense that they are a more traditional approach. Maze and hyperlink cinema take the more creative approach to film making.Roger Ebert referred to Ete rnal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind as a â€Å"radical example of Maze Cinema†, because this movie is the epitome of maze cinema. This movie has the many stories woven into one larger overlaying story. 3)Mike LaSalle, from the San Francisco Chronicle, was quoted as saying â€Å"Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind is not about how love conquers all but about how people can be weak and foolish and waste their lives on stupid, destructive relationships. It’s a cold movie about love that was meant to be cold. † LaSalle’s views tend to be on the opposite scale of the more mainstream opinion.The majority, according to my research of film critiques, is that most see this film as a romantic movie. These critiques all seem to repeat the same opinion, that love transcends all and conquers all. LaSalle makes the case that this is simply not true. LaSalle strikes hard in his critique by showing the alternative side to the film. He states that it is a â€Å"coldâ₠¬  love story in which there is lack of emotion and one feels like the love life is set on repeat. LaSalle sets the stage for our minds to explore the new found view point that this story cleverly outlines the never ending track of repeated mistakes in ones love life.LaSalle’s opposition takes the hard fast post against the idea that this movie outlines the failure of love due to repeated mistakes. They tend to see it as the stone walls in which a lover must climb in order to find and gain ones true love. Sometimes mistakes are needed to be repeated until you can conquer them. LaSalle challenges this by giving us his critique in such a manner as to eloquently dispute the claim of his opponents. Works Cited Ebert, Roger. (2004). Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind. LaSalle, Mick. (2004). San Francisco Chronicle.

Friday, January 3, 2020

The Importance Of Office Skills And Critical Thinking...

Every child walks the stages during graduation with their school color cap and gown and is happy because they are going to a college where they can future their education. Most children chose this route while other was force through this rout unwilling by their parents making these children a victim of society views that is pushed onto them. If only some of these parents knew college degree is not need to be successful. In â€Å"It Takes More Than a Major: Employer Priorities for College Learning and Student Success†, written by Hart Association. The article goes over the importance of office skills and critical thinking skills on the job. The article survey 365 employers and 65 business and they all have reach the same conclusion of college graduates needing skills that can contribute to the work force. The association states that there is more to the hiring process of a graduate than just having their college degree. The association values communication skills and work ethic in a employee during the hiring process. The article is detailed analysis of employers’ priorities for the kinds of learning today’s college students need to succeed in today’s economy and whether not a college degree can insure a job. The article interview provides examples from statistics and previous employers. I will be evaluating the sources, thesis, and statistics that was used to back up the statements in this article. I will be testing if the sources and statistics is accurate and releveant, andShow MoreRelatedThe Need Of Quality Medical Care932 Words   |  4 Pagesof this great country. Saint Francis University, is addressing this need by providing education to qualified students to enable them to become future leaders. Saint Francis’s addresses this national shortage by advancing students problem solving skills and clinical knowledge, all the while maintaining a focus on serving the community. 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